Lausanne Chimneys

American architect Arnold William Brunner's sketch studies of Swiss chimneys demonstrate the observational drawing practices of late-nineteenth-century architectural training. This page presents seven variations of chimney structures and masonry details in pen and ink, arranged to show different proportions, materials, and construction methods. Such architectural studies—rendered on-site or from memory—served as visual references for design work and appear in the notebooks of practicing architects throughout the period. Brunner's linear technique and attention to structural specifics reflect the technical precision required in professional architectural practice before standardized construction documentation became common.