Château de Papes, Avignon

Ink sketch by American architect Arnold William Brunner documenting the medieval papal fortress at Avignon, France. The drawing captures the fortress's distinctive crenellated walls and towers rising above the Rhône River valley, with dense vegetation in the foreground. Brunner's linear hatching technique creates depth and shadow across the fortification's complex silhouette. This architectural study exemplifies late nineteenth-century travel documentation by practitioners trained in both engineering precision and artistic rendering—a common practice among American architects who toured European monuments to inform their own design work during the era of Romanesque Revival and historicist architecture.