James Stansfeld, Statesmen No. 10

Carlo Pellegrini ('Ape') presents James Stansfeld, then a junior Treasury minister, as a brooding figure in frock coat and top hat, clutching a fat portfolio under one arm — the bureaucrat weighed down by papers. The French caption, *'Pour encourager les autres'* ('to encourage the others'), is Voltaire's bitter irony from *Candide*, originally mocking the execution of Admiral Byng as a warning to fellow officers. Applied to Stansfeld, it stings: he had recently survived political disgrace after his name surfaced in connection with Italian republican conspirator Felice Orsini, suggesting his survival in office served chiefly as a cautionary example to colleagues tempted by radical associations. Pellegrini's hooked nose and heavy-lidded glower carry the ethnic exaggeration typical of the period's caricature vocabulary.