The Measurement of Refraction by the Shadow-Test, or Retinoscopy

This is not a pulp magazine cover but a medical monograph title page, published in *The American Journal of the Medical Sciences* (1885). Its author, Edward Jackson, A.M., M.D., of Philadelphia, was a founding figure in American ophthalmology; the text introduced retinoscopy—the shadow-test technique for objectively measuring refractive error—to a broad clinical readership. The page is austere: letterpress typography in period roman and italic faces, a handwritten ownership annotation ('Jackson (Ed.)') in the upper margin, and a library stamp near center. No illustrated cover exists here. This document belongs to scientific publishing history, not the wood-pulp adventure tradition, and falls outside the scope of a pulp or comics exhibition.